Literature Review : Risk Analysis Of Toulene Exposure in Workers

Abstract

Toluene is a chemical compound that is widely used in various industrial processes such as the manufacture of paint, solvents, fuels, and chemical production. Workers' exposure to toluene can occur through inhalation, skin contact, and accidental ingestion. The World Health Organization has classified toluene as a compound that can cause neurological, hematological, and respiratory system disorders. Risk assessment and control measures for toluene exposure in workers are crucial to prevent adverse health impacts. This study aims to analyze the risk of toluene exposure in industrial workers through a literature review approach. The method used is a systematic literature review by searching articles from four electronic databases, namely PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. This study examined 1,255 articles published between 2020-2025, with the final results of 20 articles meeting the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review results show that industrial workers' exposure to toluene mainly occurs through inhalation and dermal routes. Toluene concentrations in the work environment range from 0.12 to 85.3 ppm, with some industries showing concentrations exceeding the threshold limit value (TLV) of 20 ppm. Low to moderate risk levels were found for toluene exposure via inhalation, and moderate to high risk Ts for exposure via the dermal route. Workers with the highest risk were sampling teams, production operators, and laboratory workers. Reported health effects included neurological disorders (74%), respiratory disorders (68%), hematological effects (52%), and liver dysfunction (45%). Factors that influence the level of risk include the type of industry, duration of exposure, use of PPE, and the presence of a ventilation system. Toluene exposure remains a significant occupational health risk in various industries. A comprehensive risk control strategy is needed including the provision of appropriate PPE, maintenance of ventilation systems, regular monitoring of toluene levels, routine health checks for workers, and occupational safety training to reduce health impacts on workers. This study provides the latest scientific evidence to support decision-making in the management of toluene exposure risks in the workplace.